Spread also occurs as larvae within rambutan fruit. Smallholder coffee and cocoa farmers typically have low input low output farming systems, involving relatively minimal levels of agrochemical use. A systematic bottom up model is needed to revive the cocoa. Smallholder coffee and cocoa fanners typically have low input low output fanning systems, involving relatively minimal levels of agrochemical use. Effect of cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella, on. Study on various control techniques to suppress the. Using data on cocoa pod borer cpb infestation and cocoa yield from mixedvariety plantations in south sulawesi, indonesia, we developed models for estimating yield and yield loss under cpb attack. Some studies showed strong positive growth responses of. Once inside the pod, the tunneling becomes less directional. Importance of cocoa cocoa is a cash crop grown throughout the humid tropics with about 6. Dolichoderus ants guard mealybugs white on cacao pods. Presumably, longdistance spread in cocoa pods is a possibility, although only fermented beans. A systematic bottom up model is needed to revive the cocoa industry by robert atsir abstract the early results of initial government and donor support respond to the cocoa pod borer cpb attack, still leave a lot to be desired, partly due to the sporadic attempt to control it.
Pest management of cocoa pod borer in agriculture tips. The cocoa plant is a branching tree with with simple, pointed lanceolate leaves which can measure up to 61 cm 24 in long and 10 cm 4 in wide. It registers as a postinstall plugin and is ran on every pod install or pod update. Regular complete harvesting of pods is almost certainly the most effective cultural technique. The cause is the cocoa pod borer cpb pest, which has hit many cocoa producing regions around the world. Cocoa, theobroma cacao, is an evergreen tree in the family malvaceae, grown for its seeds beans which are used primarily in the manufacture of chocolate. Biochar production has a great potential, mainly as a soil conditioner3,4,5, or as a component of seedling substrates610. According to the png cocoa board, production in east sepik province and the autonomous region of bougainville will likely crash over the next two years, all due to the pest.
In addition, insect pests such as the cocoa pod borer and mirids are also major problems. Gracillariidae egg population with respect to the pod phenology noorazlin mohd ali, syed tajuddin syed hassan 8c 2azhar ismail department of biology, faculty of science, universiti putra malaysia, 43400 upm serdang, selangor, malaysia. The cacao pod borer, acrocercops cramerella lepidoptera, fam. Management cocoa pod borer by mass trapping in indonesia. For this reason, cocoapods will always display a warning when you install a pod or if you update a pod to a new version that adds script phases as part of its build process. Pdf activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in. Enriched cocoa pod composts and their fertilizing effects.
The cocoa pod borer cpb is a challenge in south east asia and the pacific. Testing local cocoa selections in three provinces in. Assessments on the infestation of cocoa pod borer cpb using four treatments. Pdf study on various control techniques to suppress the. The purpose of this study was to examine various control techniques to suppress the intensity of cpb pest attacks in the field. This study is aimed to utilize this protein source in hydrolase enzyme production. Jan 18, 2018 after all, this feature essentially allows pod authors to execute code on your machine if you decide to integrate their pod into your project. Receipts from cocoa exports halved between 2011 and 2012, but with cocoa prices expected to rise, the revenue. The cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella snellen gracillariidae. We are developing effective ways to detect and predict infestations such as evaluating improved clones and then. This paper describes the derivation of a damage relationship relating yield loss to pest attack level. Almost all types of plants as cacao pod borers are found in north sulawesi. In 2006, a devastating disease ravaged the crops of thousands of small farmers in east new britain, the first province in png to be affected by the cocoa pod borer cpb. Pdf the use of walds sequential probability ratio test.
Activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in cacao fields article pdf available in environmental entomology 373. Quarantine countries not yet infested by the cocoa pod borer should take special precautions against its introduction via the trade in rambutan, a known host. Activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in cacao fields. It is known from saudi arabia, china, india west bengal, andaman islands. Practical yield loss models for infestation of cocoa with. Cocoa husks temporarily covered with plastic sheet to prevent cpb hatching prima, sulawesi the insect pest. There are instances of the longdistance spread of live borer inside rambutan fruit. Cocoa is a lifeline for thousands of small farmers in papua new guinea png, providing vital income for some 20 percent of the countrys population. Effects of cocoa pod husk biochar on growth of cocoa. Following its emergence as a pest in east new britain, papua new guinea, in 2006, it was considered relevant to assess its potential spread to other cocoa growing regions.
Cpb now affects almost all cocoa producing provinces in indonesia. Day silwood centre for pest management, department of pure and applied biology, imperial college at silwood park, ascot, berkshire sl5 7py, uk abstract. Abstractthe cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella snellen lep idoptera. Papua new guineas largest cocoa grower, trader and exporter, agmark, says cocoa yields in east new britain could double, as a result of new technology arising from the battle to recover from the impact of the cocoa pod borer.
Cocoa pod borer larvae chew into the pods and eat the tissues around the cocoa seeds, reducing the quality and quantity of cocoa beans. Cocoa pod borer cpb is a major cause of cocoa yield loss in indonesia. Effect of cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella, on cocoa. There is an increasing appreciation of its value for. Control of cocoa pod borer and phytophthora pod rot. Were very pessimistic about sending a pod up to our stats server. Although burial of infested pods is the recommended practice for the control of cpb. We ensure that you have a cocoapodsspecs repo set up as your master repo, then. Susilo d, endang sulistyowati d, sri sukamto d, muhajir israel b, ashar saftar b.
A none, b light damage, c moderate damage, and d heavy damage. Spread of the cocoa pod borer occurs through movement of the pods, leaves and other vegetation to which the pupae are attached. Cocoa pod synonyms, cocoa pod pronunciation, cocoa pod translation, english dictionary definition of cocoa pod. Gracillariinae, is an important pest of cocoa in southeast asia and oceania, with devastating effects on yields. The cocoa pod borer cpb, also known as cocoa moth, is caused by the insect conopomorpha cramerella. Components of female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer moth. But, production is threatened by the cocoa pod borer. Our ultimate goal is to determine whether cocoa plants inoculated with b. The worlds worst cocoa problems pesticide application. Testing local cocoa selections in three provinces in sulawesi. Sep, 2018 the objectives of the project were to develop simple, reliable and quick screening protocols for the identification and selection of cloneshybrids tolerant to cocoa pod borer cpb. Cultural techniques have proved successful in greatly reducing the damage caused by cocoa pod borer cpb, a serious pest of cocoa in indonesia, within one crop cycle.
Pdf dolichoderus thoracicus is a predator in the ecosystem of cocoa plantations that can act as biological control agents towards cocoa pod. Cocoa pod borer attacks frequently have a major impact to cocoa cultivation business. Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella is a pest of cocoa in southeast asia. Tricky to control, it is now one of the most serious threats to the global cocoa industry. Cocoa pod borer cpb, conopomorpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. Guide describing trade and industry practices, as well as regulations applying to cocoa traces customs procedures, systems and techniques used at each stage of the cocoa supply chain. Losses to the crop from various pests and diseases.
Project on resistance to cocoa pod borers a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that contribute resistance to cocoa pod borer and development of a simple means for characterizing resistant clones. Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha. Cocoa pod borer, eradication queensland parliament. A guide to trade practices international trade centre. Cocoa pod husk, a new source of hydrolase enzymes for. Countries not yet infested by the cocoa pod borer should take special precautions against its introduction via the trade in its known hosts cacao, rambutan, longan. Pdf activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone. Jun 24, 2015 cocoapodsstats is a plugin that is now bundled with cocoapods from version 0. However, this may begin to change with the recent outbreak of cocoa pod borer cpb and the expected infestation of coffee berry borer cbb. Semiochemicals for the cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella, control aijun zhang, david r hall, navies maisin, azhar ismail, kuang lip foo, madhura bhanu, francisco posada, fernando e.
Numerous outbreaks of cpb, the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen have occurred in indonesia following the cocoa expansion in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Pacific pests and pathogens fact sheets cocoa weevil borer 061 common name cocoa weevil. Review of cocoa pod borer control methods by small farmers in indonesia. The larvae or caterpillars do the damage by boring into the young, green pods and feeding on the tissues that surround the beans. Establishment of the fungal entomopathogen beauveria. Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen in papua. Distribution of cocoa pod borer cpb conopomorpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. Cocoa pod borers, i am pleased to inform the house, destroy cocoa beans, and why is. Pdf activity ofbacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa pod. Although cocoa has been cultivated for centuries in central america, it is a relative newcomer to africa, and even more recent in asia. Pdf evaluation of best management practices for cocoa pod borer. Life habits, damage and losses and control measures are discussed. Sulawesi, the intensity of damage to cocoa fruit by cocoa pod borer is 36.
Cocoa, pacific lychee, rambutam, and cola are hosts. It was first noted in 1841 as a serious threat, causing vast losses in the cocoa industry during the 1890s and 1900s. Cocoa pod borer was eradicated from queensland by disrupting the life cycle of the pest. Pod sleeving using both nondegradable and degradable plastics significantly reduced pod damage by cpb, from 62. The weaver ant, oecophylla smaragdina, on a cocoa pod colonised by mealybugs. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vo.
Like other crops cocoa can be attacked by a number of pest species including fungal diseases, insects and rodents some of which e. The cocoapods website has an optional integration with appsight. Activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in cacao. Yields expected to double as cocoa industry recovers from. Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella 18 cocoa swollen shoot virus cssv 22 frosty pod rot crinipellis roreri 26 mirids capsids sapsucking bugs 30 mistletoes plant parasites of cocoa 36 stem borers 38 termites or white ants 42. Distribution of cocoa pod borer cpb conopomarpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. Jan 20, 2016 cocoa pod husk cph is a byproduct of cocoa production obtained after removing the beans from the fruit. This included removing host material, applying insecticides, altering agronomic practices and putting strict biosecurity measures in place on the infested property. Risk of introduction top of page quarantine and surveillance for c. The cocoa pod borer,conopomorpha cramerella snellen lepidoptera. Lithocolletidae, is a major pest of cacao theobroma cacao in java.
Improved management strategies for cocoa in papua new. Up to the present no control method can be considered satisfactory. Note that the cultural controls described below, not only reduce the effects of the cocoa pod borer, but also reduce losses caused by black pod, phytophthora palmivora, and also rats. Abdul wahab, irma kresnawaty, teguh wijayanto key words. Cocoa pod borer not given enough attention the national. The physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of cocoa pod husk cph pectin intended as a versatile pharmaceutical excipient and nutraceutical were studied. However, this may begin to change with the recent outbreak of cocoa pod borer cpb and the expected infestation of coffee berry borer.
The physical and morphological traits of the pods of the six clones studied were obtained. Vega, sonja scheffer, leo shapiro smilja lambert, hussin bin purung, and prakash hebbar roy bateman, martin gilmour and rob lockwood reading university, may 2007. Detection of cocoa pod borer infestation using sex. Rambutan or namnam borers are already known from thailand, sri lanka and new britain papua new guinea. Host plant resistance for sustainable cocoa pod borer management. Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella. The analysis of cph has shown that it contains high amounts of protein. Pest management of cocoa pod borer 1001 artificial plants. Mealybugs feed from the cacao pods and provide sugary secretions to the ants. As a result of the efforts of biosecurity staff, cocoa pod borers have been successfully eradicated from far north queensland following a twoyear eradication program.
Pdf the social and economic impacts of the cocoa pod borer on. The battle to save the papua new guinea cocoa industry. Cocoa is a highly important export in papua new guinea, 80% of which comes from smallholders dependent on it for their livelihoods. Supply response of cocoa in papua new guinea boniface aipi tanu irau and ludwig aur aba working paper bpng201202 november 2012 bank of papua new guinea port moresby papua new guinea the working paper series is intended to provide the results of research undertaken within the bank to its staff, interested institutions and the general public.
Hence, the introduction of its life cycle, its symptoms of the attack and the pest control techniques need to be comprehended to get rid of great losses. Importance of cocoa food and agriculture organization. Abstract an early recommended control measure for cocoa pod borer cbp in sabah was frequent thorough harvesting to a low standard of. The use of walds sequential probability ratio test sprt in cocoa pod borer management. Analyses of ovipositor washings and entrained volatiles from virgin female moths by gas chromatography gc linked to electroantennography eag, and comparison of eag responses from the male moth to synthetic compounds indicated the presence of thee,z,z. Pods showing premature yellowing due to internal infestation of cocoa pod borer. Detection of the pest infestation using sex pheromone traps in the early growth and development of cocoa pods is important for an early warning system programme. Cocoa pod borer cpb is the single largest threat to the economy and society of east new britain province enbp with social and economic impacts potentially. Effect of cocoa pod borer, conopomorpha cramerella, on cocoa yield and quality in sabah, malaysia roger k. I always knew that one need quite a lot of cocoa pods to end up with one chocolate bar, but i never actually look into this properly. Zhang a1, kuang lf, maisin n, karumuru b, hall dr, virdiana i, lambert s, bin purung h, wang s, hebbar p.
Cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen cpb is an important pest of cocoa. Mar 07, 2014 i believe that the senior management cocoa industry is not interested in taking care of urgent issues at hand. Pdf biological control of cocoa pod borer conopomorpha. Among the social factors that led to the under productivity was the physical old age of the cocoa. Cocoa pod borer 175 common name cocoa pod borer scientific name conopomorpha cramerella. Categorization of pod damage and analysis of damage intensity by cpb per treatment unit were conducted on 50 pods completely free from phytophthora infection. Study on various control techniques to suppress the intensity of cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snell attacks in the field. Cocoa pod borer, control techniques, percentage and intensity of cpb attacks, yield loss int. Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella snellen in sabah by regular complete harvesting.
In general, the larvae stay within the pith on the inside of the pod wall and surrounding the beans, or in the funicle, but particularly the young larvae not uncommonly penetrate the testa of the developing beans, and, contrary to some reports e. Estimated yield reductions are of the order of 65 to 82%. Articles such as an mp heaping praise on east new britain and the ceo of the cocoa board sponsoring a group in rugby league in kokopo in january suggested that the management of the industry is not concerned with the eradication and management of the cocoa pod borer. Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of cocoa pod. A combination of pod sleeving and nematode application had a synergistic reduction of pod damage by cpb resulting in totally healthy pods. The cocoa pod borer conopomorpha cramerella is a moth of the family gracillariidae. Gracillariidae, is the most serious pest of cocoa in southeast asia. Cocoa pod definition of cocoa pod by the free dictionary. In every sampling event, pods used for data collation were counted and after opening, separated into four categories according to their level of damage, i. Pdf cocoa is subjected to be infested by various numbers of insect pests, and cocoa pod borer is the most serious pest of cocoa in malaysia.